11/05/2012
ESSENTIAL IDIOM FOR TOEFL TEST [7]
ESSENTIAL IDIOM FOR TOEFL TEST [7]. Idiom atau ungkapan adalah gabungan kata yang membentuk arti baru yang artinya tidak mudah dipahami hanya dengan memahami kata yang membentuknya. Postingan Idiom I 'Three in One" dan audionya dapat direview "here" dan Pelajaran Idiom ke-2 "here". Idiom ke-3 dapat disimak "here". Idiom sesi ke-4 dapat direview "here' . Postingan Essential IDIOM ke-5, Idiom ke-6 .
Makna idiomatikal adalah makna sebuah satuan bahasa (entah kata, frase atau kalimat) yang “menyimpang” dari makna leksikal atau makna gramatikal unsur-unsur pembentuknya. Untuk mengetahui makna idiom sebuah kata (frase atau kalimat) tidak ada jalan selain mencarinya dalam kamus. Berikut adalah beberapa contoh idiom yang biasa di gunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari ataupun dalam tes Toefl. Idiom essential ke-7 Sebagai berikut:
LESSON 161. on one's toes: alert, cautious
This idiom is usually used with the verbs stay and keep.
o It's important for all the players on a soccer team to stay on their toes.
o We'd better keep on our toes while we're walking along the dark portions of this street.
2. to get along: to make progress; to manage to live in a certain state of health
o Juan is getting along very well in his English studies.
o How is Mr. Richards getting along after his long illness?
3. hard of hearing: partially deaf, not able to hear well
o You'll have to speak a little louder. Mrs. Evans is hard of hearing.
o Please don't shout. I'm not hard of hearing.
o Listening to loud music too much can make you hard of hearing.
4. to see eye to eye: to agree, to concur
o I'm glad that we see eye to eye on the matter of the conference location.
o A husband and wife don't always see eye to eye with each other, but a good marriage can survive small disagreements.
5. to have in mind: to be considering, to be thinking (S)
o I don't want to see a movie now. I have in mind going to the park.
o It's up to you what we eat tonight. Do you have anything in mind?
6. to keep in mind: to remember, not to forget (S) (also: to bear in mind)
o Please keep in mind that you promised to call Stan around noon.
o I didn't know that Paula doesn't like vegetables. We should bear that in mind next time we invite her for dinner.
7. for once: this one time, for only one time
o For once I was able to win a game of golf against Steve, who is a much better player than I am.
o Dad, for once would you please let me drive the new car?
8. to go off: to explode; to sound as an alarm; to leave suddenly without explanation
o The accident happened when a box of firecrackers went off accidentally.
o For what time did you set the alarm clock to go off tomorrow morning?
o Vince went off without saying good-bye to anybody; I hope he wasn't angry.
9. to grow out of: to outgrow, to become too old for; to be a result of
o He still bites his nails now and then, but soon he'll grow out of the habit.
o The need for the salary committee grew out of worker dissatisfaction with the pay scale.
10. to make the best of: to do the best that one can in a poor situation
o If we can't find a larger apartment soon, we'll just have to make the best of it right here.
o Even though the Martinez family is having financial problems, they make the best of everything by enjoying the simple pleasures of life.
11. to cut off: to shorten by cutting the ends (S); to disconnect or stop suddenly (S)
o The rope was two feet longer than we needed, so we cut off the extra length.
o The operator cut our long-distance phone conversation off after two minutes.
12. to cut out: to remove by cutting (S); to stop doing something (S) (for the second definition, also: to knock it off)
For the second definition, the idiom is usually separated by the pronoun it.
o The child likes to cut out pictures form the newspaper and to paste them in a notebook.
o He kept bothering her, so finally she told him to cut it out. However, he wouldn't knock it off until her larger brother appeared.
LESSON 171. to blow out: to explode, to go flat (for tires); to extinguish by blowing (S)
o On our trip to Colorado, one of the car tires blew out when it hit a large hole in the road.
o Little Joey wasn't able to blow all the candles out, so his big sister helped him.
2. to become of: to happen to (a missing object or person)
This idiom is always used in a clause beginning with what.
o What has become of my pencil? I had it ten minutes ago, but now I can't find it.
o I wondered what became of you. I looked around the shopping center for two hours, but I couldn't find you at all.
3. to shut up: to close for a period of time (S); to be quiet, to stop talking
The second definition of this idiom is impolite in formal situations.
o During the hurricane, all the store owners shut their shops up.
o Bob's sister told him to shut up and not say anything more about it.
o The student got into big trouble for telling his teacher to shut up.
4. have got: to have, to possess
o Curtis has got a bad cold. He's sneezing and coughing a lot.
o How much money have you got with you right now?
5. have got to: must (also: have to)
o She has got to go to Chicago today to sign the contract papers.
o I have to be back home by two o'clock or my wife will feel ill at ease.
6. to keep up with: to maintain the same speed or rate as
o Frieda works so fast that no one in the office can keep up with her.
o You'll have to walk more slowly. I can't keep up with you.
7. on the other hand: however, in contrast
o Democracies provide people many freedoms and privileges. On the other hand, democracies suffer many serious problems such as crime and unemployment.
o My sister takes after my father in appearance. On the other hand, I take after my mother.
8. to turn down: to reduce in brightness or volume (S); to reject, to refuse (S)
o Please turn down the radio for me. It's too loud while I'm studying.
o Laverne wanted to join the military but the recruiting officer turned her application down because Laverne is hard of hearing in one ear.
9. fifty-fifty: divided into two equal parts
o Let's go fifty-fifty on the cost of a new rug for our apartment.
o The political candidate has a fifty-fifty chance of winning the election.
10. to break in: gradually to prepare something for use that is new and stiff (S);
to interrupt (for the second definition, also: to cut in)
o It is best to break a new car in by driving it slowly for the first few hundred miles.
o While Carrie and I were talking, Bill broke in to tell me about a telephone call.
o Peter, it's very impolite to cut in like that while others are speaking.
11. a lost cause: a hopeless case, a person or situation having no hope of positive change.
o It seems that Charles will never listen to our advice. I suppose it's a lost cause.
o The police searched for the missing girl for two weeks, but finally gave it up as a lost cause.
o Children who have committed several crimes as teenagers and show no sorrow about their actions are generally lost causes.
12. above all: mainly, especially
o Above all, don't mention the matter to Gerard; he's the last person we should tell.
o Sheila does well in all her school subjects, but above all in mathematics. Her math scores are always over 95 percent.
@alamyin, Semoga bermanfaat, Keep Share !
Makna idiomatikal adalah makna sebuah satuan bahasa (entah kata, frase atau kalimat) yang “menyimpang” dari makna leksikal atau makna gramatikal unsur-unsur pembentuknya. Untuk mengetahui makna idiom sebuah kata (frase atau kalimat) tidak ada jalan selain mencarinya dalam kamus. Berikut adalah beberapa contoh idiom yang biasa di gunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari ataupun dalam tes Toefl. Idiom essential ke-7 Sebagai berikut:
LESSON 161. on one's toes: alert, cautious
This idiom is usually used with the verbs stay and keep.
o It's important for all the players on a soccer team to stay on their toes.
o We'd better keep on our toes while we're walking along the dark portions of this street.
2. to get along: to make progress; to manage to live in a certain state of health
o Juan is getting along very well in his English studies.
o How is Mr. Richards getting along after his long illness?
3. hard of hearing: partially deaf, not able to hear well
o You'll have to speak a little louder. Mrs. Evans is hard of hearing.
o Please don't shout. I'm not hard of hearing.
o Listening to loud music too much can make you hard of hearing.
4. to see eye to eye: to agree, to concur
o I'm glad that we see eye to eye on the matter of the conference location.
o A husband and wife don't always see eye to eye with each other, but a good marriage can survive small disagreements.
5. to have in mind: to be considering, to be thinking (S)
o I don't want to see a movie now. I have in mind going to the park.
o It's up to you what we eat tonight. Do you have anything in mind?
6. to keep in mind: to remember, not to forget (S) (also: to bear in mind)
o Please keep in mind that you promised to call Stan around noon.
o I didn't know that Paula doesn't like vegetables. We should bear that in mind next time we invite her for dinner.
7. for once: this one time, for only one time
o For once I was able to win a game of golf against Steve, who is a much better player than I am.
o Dad, for once would you please let me drive the new car?
8. to go off: to explode; to sound as an alarm; to leave suddenly without explanation
o The accident happened when a box of firecrackers went off accidentally.
o For what time did you set the alarm clock to go off tomorrow morning?
o Vince went off without saying good-bye to anybody; I hope he wasn't angry.
9. to grow out of: to outgrow, to become too old for; to be a result of
o He still bites his nails now and then, but soon he'll grow out of the habit.
o The need for the salary committee grew out of worker dissatisfaction with the pay scale.
10. to make the best of: to do the best that one can in a poor situation
o If we can't find a larger apartment soon, we'll just have to make the best of it right here.
o Even though the Martinez family is having financial problems, they make the best of everything by enjoying the simple pleasures of life.
11. to cut off: to shorten by cutting the ends (S); to disconnect or stop suddenly (S)
o The rope was two feet longer than we needed, so we cut off the extra length.
o The operator cut our long-distance phone conversation off after two minutes.
12. to cut out: to remove by cutting (S); to stop doing something (S) (for the second definition, also: to knock it off)
For the second definition, the idiom is usually separated by the pronoun it.
o The child likes to cut out pictures form the newspaper and to paste them in a notebook.
o He kept bothering her, so finally she told him to cut it out. However, he wouldn't knock it off until her larger brother appeared.
LESSON 171. to blow out: to explode, to go flat (for tires); to extinguish by blowing (S)
o On our trip to Colorado, one of the car tires blew out when it hit a large hole in the road.
o Little Joey wasn't able to blow all the candles out, so his big sister helped him.
2. to become of: to happen to (a missing object or person)
This idiom is always used in a clause beginning with what.
o What has become of my pencil? I had it ten minutes ago, but now I can't find it.
o I wondered what became of you. I looked around the shopping center for two hours, but I couldn't find you at all.
3. to shut up: to close for a period of time (S); to be quiet, to stop talking
The second definition of this idiom is impolite in formal situations.
o During the hurricane, all the store owners shut their shops up.
o Bob's sister told him to shut up and not say anything more about it.
o The student got into big trouble for telling his teacher to shut up.
4. have got: to have, to possess
o Curtis has got a bad cold. He's sneezing and coughing a lot.
o How much money have you got with you right now?
5. have got to: must (also: have to)
o She has got to go to Chicago today to sign the contract papers.
o I have to be back home by two o'clock or my wife will feel ill at ease.
6. to keep up with: to maintain the same speed or rate as
o Frieda works so fast that no one in the office can keep up with her.
o You'll have to walk more slowly. I can't keep up with you.
7. on the other hand: however, in contrast
o Democracies provide people many freedoms and privileges. On the other hand, democracies suffer many serious problems such as crime and unemployment.
o My sister takes after my father in appearance. On the other hand, I take after my mother.
8. to turn down: to reduce in brightness or volume (S); to reject, to refuse (S)
o Please turn down the radio for me. It's too loud while I'm studying.
o Laverne wanted to join the military but the recruiting officer turned her application down because Laverne is hard of hearing in one ear.
9. fifty-fifty: divided into two equal parts
o Let's go fifty-fifty on the cost of a new rug for our apartment.
o The political candidate has a fifty-fifty chance of winning the election.
10. to break in: gradually to prepare something for use that is new and stiff (S);
to interrupt (for the second definition, also: to cut in)
o It is best to break a new car in by driving it slowly for the first few hundred miles.
o While Carrie and I were talking, Bill broke in to tell me about a telephone call.
o Peter, it's very impolite to cut in like that while others are speaking.
11. a lost cause: a hopeless case, a person or situation having no hope of positive change.
o It seems that Charles will never listen to our advice. I suppose it's a lost cause.
o The police searched for the missing girl for two weeks, but finally gave it up as a lost cause.
o Children who have committed several crimes as teenagers and show no sorrow about their actions are generally lost causes.
12. above all: mainly, especially
o Above all, don't mention the matter to Gerard; he's the last person we should tell.
o Sheila does well in all her school subjects, but above all in mathematics. Her math scores are always over 95 percent.
@alamyin, Semoga bermanfaat, Keep Share !
09/05/2012
CONTOH (Kerangka) PROPOSAL PENELITIAN EKONOMI (2)
CONTOH (Kerangka) PROPOSAL PENELITIAN EKONOMI (2). Kita ketahui bersama bahwa proposal yang baik adalah separuh dari keberhasilan penelitian. Postingan sebelumnya "Proposal Penelitian Ekonomi (1)", Seperti yang diutarakan pada Tulisan tersebut tentang cara membuat Pendahuluan yang baik. Kenapa ini penting, Karena dalam banyak kasus, terjadi kesalahan dalam menguraikan pentingnya penelitian yang harusnya terungkap dengan jelas dalam pendahuluan oleh karena itu akan diuraikan satu persatu cara membuat pendahuluan yang memadai.
Kemukakan faktor-faktor yg mengantar pada pemilihan judul:
- Latar Belakang Penelitian
1. Kondisi umum atau perspektif makro penelitian
2. Jelaskan pentingnya penelitian
3. Kemukakan jika penelitian:
-- Penelitian relatif baru, merupakan sanggahan atau pengembangan dari penelitian sebelumnya.
-- Mulai dengan pernyataan yg provokatif, kontroversial sehingga ada ketertarikan untuk membaca.
-- Sajikan secara menarik tentang kronologis judul yang dapat berupa evaluasi judul hingga statusnya sekarang.
-- Tampilkan data sekunder tentang profil obyek penelitian, yang dapat diperoleh dari buku2, jurnal, majalah, lapooran penelitian, dll.
Akhiri dengan pernyataan : Berdasarkan uraian yang dikemukakan di atas, maka peneliti memilih judul penelitian: ....……………………….
Latar belakang dapat diilustrasikan seperti gambar berikut:
- Masalah Penelitian
Identifikasi, pilih dan rumuskan masalah-masalah penelitian.
- Apakah terdapat hubungan yang erat antara ... dengan…..?
- Bagaimana pengaruh ……….terhadap …………...?
- Tujuan Penelitian
Kemukakan yang akan dicapai oleh penelitian: Untuk mengetahui, menganalisis atau membandingkan.
-- Untuk mengetahui pengaruh … terhadap …
-- Untuk mengetahui hubungan antara ……dengan …..…
-- Untuk menganalisis …..…….
- Manfaat penelitian
Kemukakan siapa yg diharapkan memperoleh manfaat penelitian: Pengembangan ilmu pengetahun, Lemabaga, dan atau penelitian lain.
-- Penelitian ini diharapkan memberi manfaat dalam………
-- Penelitian ini diharapkan menjadi salah satu bahan pertimbangan dalam...
Jadi penelitian kita hanya salah satu bahan, kadang kita sedikit angkuh mengatakan sebagai referensi. :).
Ad.3 : TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
Cakupan: Penelitian terdahulu, Landasan teoritis, Kerangka teoretis (pikir), Hipotesis penelitian.
-- Kemukakan hasil penelitian2 sebelumnya utk mengakrabkan peneliti dg informasi, data, model/peralatan analisis yang mungkin terkait dengan masalah yang sedang diteliti.
-- Kemukakan dan sintesakan teori-teori yang relevan dengan masalah yang sedang diteliti.
--Buat dan tuliskan kerangka fikir dari sintesis teori-teori yang relevan, hubungkan variabel-variabel yang terkait .
-- Buat bagan keterkaitan variabel-variabel yang mungkin berhubungan atau mempengaruhi variabel penelitian yang sedang dilakukan.
-- Dari kerangka fikir, turunkan hipotesis penelitian yang merupakan jawaban teoritis sementara atas masalah-masalah penelitian yang telah dikemukakan yang masih harus dibuktikan validitasnya.
-- Jumlah hipotesis seyogyanya berkorespondensi dengan jumlah masalah penelitian.
(ini juga kadang menjadi masalah umum, dimana masalah penelitian tidak sama jumlahnya dengan hipotesis).
Ad 4. METODE PENELITIAN
Cakupan: Lokasi Penelitian, Populasi dan sampel, Jenis data (Primer atau sekunder), Model Analisis, Definisi operasional konsep/variabel.
Ad 5. DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Memuat daftar semua bacaan yang terkait dg penelitian. Alfabetis, atau nomor, atau lainnya.
07/05/2012
Biaya Eksternalitas dan Abu Nawas
Biaya Eksternalitas dan Abu Nawas. Seorang pria miskin, sebut saja namanya Abu Nawas. Ia bertetangga dengan keluarga kaya raya dan kurus. pada suatu hari, Abu Nawas ngerumpi di warung kopi bersama teman-temannya. Melihat perawakan Abu Nawas yang semakin tambun (gemuk) mengundang tanya koleganya. Hai, Abu, apa rahasia kamu sehingga kamu semakin gemuk ? tanya teman Abu Nawas. Tidak ada rahasia untuk kelian semua. Kontribusi tetangga saya yang kaya raya yang menjadikan saya seperti ini, setiap hari membuat masakan yang sedap dan aromanya senantiasa meliputi ruangan dirumah saya, sehingga walaupun masakan saya sederhana dan tidak beraroma sedap namun aroma masakan tetangga cukup menambah selera makan. Sehingga saya pun bisa makan seperti yang dinikmati tetangga saya.Berita ini pun menyebar ke seluruh kota hingga ke rumah tetangga Abu Nawas yang kaya raya. Abu Nawas pun di tuntut ganti rugi oleh orang kaya tersebut, ia harus membayar atas aroma yang telah dia nikmati. Dalam persidangan Abu Nawas tidak melakukan pembelaan dan siap mengganti (mengkompensasi) aroma yang telah dia nikmati. Tapi sebelum hakim, penuntut dan hadirin persidangan meninggalkan ruangan sidang. Abu Nawas mengeluarkan beberapa uang koin dari kantongnya dan meminta agar orang kaya tersebut mendengarkan gemerincing uang koinnya dengan seksama dan khusyu sebagai kompensasi atas aroma masakannya. :)
Cerita Abu Nawas di atas, adalah contoh paling sederhana konsep eksternalitas. dalam ekonomi, eksternalitas terjadi bila aktivitas seorang pelaku ekonomi mempengaruhi aktivitas pelaku ekonomi yang lain, namun pengaruhnya tidak terefleksikan pada transaksi di pasar. Misalnya, Pabrik bahan kimia mengeluarkan bahan beracun, Kebisingan lalu lintas pesawat di bandara, Limbah industri yang mengotori sungai dan perikanan disekitarnya. Eksternalitas bisa positif, kadang pula negatif. Ia positif jika saling menguntungkan, misalnya petani Apel berdekatan dengan Peternak lebah. Sedangkan Eksternalitas negatif, dapat dicontohkan dengan industri baja dengan petani tambak. Berkaitan dengan eksternalitas kedua, maka peran pemerintah sebagai mediator yang baik jujur dan adil sangat diperlukan. Dalam banyak kasus peran pemerintah dalam penyelsaian kasus eksternalitas negatif kurang mampu menjadi mediator yang elegan, alih-alih memberikan solusi justru malah memperparah keadaan. Contoh yang paling dekat adalah kasus lumpur Lapindo. Belum lagi kalau eksternalitas berkaitan dengan barang publik, maka kondisi semakin kompleks.
Namun, bagaimana dengan kasus Abu Nawas di atas, silahkan nilai sendiri. Tulisan sederhana ini juga mencoba menyentil salah satu buku yang yang dalam bagian tertentu membahas tentang eksternalitas. Dalam buku Radikal Itu Menjual, Karya Joseph Heat dan Andrew Potter meruntuhkan mitos tentang radikalitas gaya hidup (terjemahan dari Rebell Sell).
Mereka memberi argumen bahwa “budaya-tanding” atau hasrat melawan arus, berbeda, untuk menjalani hidup alternatif, justru merupakan kekuatan utama pendorong kapitalisme dan konsumerisme kontemporer. Ide bahwa pemberontakan gaya hidup individual akan bisa mengguncang “sistem” justru telah semakin memapankan masyarakat konsumen yang hendak ditentangnya sendiri itu. Lebih parah lagi, ide-ide budaya-tanding juga telah mempengaruhi politik progresif dan memelencengkannya dari cita-cita awal memperjuangkan keadilan sosial dan kesejahteraan masyarakat.
Dicontohkan bahwa kampanye aktivis penentang Industri minyak, pertambangan dan semcamnya sia-sia, tidak efektif dan hanya buang-buang waktu. Menurut mereka, akan lebih baik juga para pencemar lingkungan membayar "BIAYA POLUSI". Biaya polusi sudah diterapkan oleh beberapa negara, bahkan penghitungan polusi emisi karbon sudah ada ketentuan angka-angkanya, dan rumus untuk menghitung biaya eksternalitas negatif (biaya polusi). Salah satunya yang ditawarkan oleh ekonom, diantaranya adalah Inovasi penting terkait Pigouvian taxation adalah gagasan tentang “pollution rights”. Misalkan perusahaan x dapat membeli hak polusi kepada perusahaan y. Pilihan x untuk membeli hak tersebut identik dengan pilihan jumlah output yang akan diproduksi. Lagi..lagi.. peran pemerintah melalui AMDAL (Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan) diharapkan berperan dengan baik. Dan diperlukan keberpihakan pada publik, jika ia bersentuhan dengan barang Publik. Jika tidak, maka apa gunanya kita bernegara jika pemerintah tidak bisa melindungi warganya ? apa gunanya konstitusi jika tidak dipatuhi ?.
(Inspirasi Abu Nawas dari Pak Agus, Biaya polusi dari prof. Rahmatia, Dosen Ekonomi Unhas Mks)
Sumber Gambar:
Sumber Gambar:
https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwLL0X9FSQbj6qjy3P86poCBTKk_wtMA3frk6OnUNwHFoCJbGER7UAPWCJwPuCvbYQmsdxw3C70aWT8_2kZDChPHQXvodDc1WXttnnjt42NbRxk_4OmQ4Q7ZCG5ySfEVOIxJrfydCc4N0/s1600/Abu_Nuwas.jpg
