06/05/2012
Human Capital dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi
Human Capital dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi. Enam puluh tujuh tahun Indonesia telah merdeka, namun kemajuannya tidak seperti negara-negara yang baru merdeka seperti Malaysia, bahkan dahulu warga Malaysia banyak belajar di Indonesia, Namun sekarang Indonesia harus mengimpor tenaga ahli dari Malaysia. Mengapa Malaysia bisa lebih maju daripada Indonesia. Dahulu Indonesia mengekspor tenaga pengajar (ahli) ke Malaysia sekarang kebalikannya, bahkan dimata Bangsa Malaysia orang-orang Indonesia digelari "Indon" atau "bangsa babu" :(. Kita pun bertanya-tanya, Kenapa ?? Adakah yang salah dengan strategi pembangunan Indonesia ?.
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| Source : http://www.hcdexperts.com/images/human-capital-chart |
Banyak kalangan, khususnya ekonom menilai ada kesalahan dalam pembangunan ekonomi Indonesia. Sejak awal kelompok Mafia Berkeley memegang kendali yang dominan dalam penentuan strategi pembangunan ekonomi bangsa. Kita sama-sama ketahui "Strategi memperbesar Kue Nasional" atau meningkatkan Produk Domestik Bruto. Dengan kata lain, fokus pada pengembangan ekonomi makro. Namun bangsa kita lalai dalam pembenahan skala mikro, skala Human Capital (Sumber daya manusia). Dan kini, fenomena tersebut berulang. Pertumbuhan ekonomi tumbuh setiap tahun, namun tingkat kemiskinan juga merangkak ke atas.
Dengan peningkatan PDB dari tahun ke tahun, dan sumber daya alam yang melimpah, Indonesiapun dimasukkan dalam lingkaran G20. Bergaul dan berinteraksi intens dengan negara-negara maju. Namun belum juga maju apalagi mendekati mandiri. Sangat kontra dengan Iran. Walaupun di Embargo oleh negara-negara maju tetap dapat menunjukkan eksistensi dan kemandiriannya di pentas global.
Pembangunan ekonomi Indonesia bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi, pemerataan dan stabilitas. Indikator pertumbuhan ekonomi penting diketahui dalam melakukan analisis tentang pembangunan ekonomi suatu negara, karena dapat memberikan gambaran secara makro atas kebijakan pemerintah yang telah dilaksanakan khususnya dalam bidang ekonomi.
Pertumbuhan ekonomi menunjukkan seberapa besar aktivitas perekonomian mampu menghasilkan tambahan pendapatan masyarakat pada suatu kurun waktu tertentu, karena pada dasarnya aktivitas perekonomian adalah suatu proses penggunaan faktor-faktor produksi oleh berbagai sektor ekonomi untuk menghasilkan output. Agar pertumbuhan ekonomi meningkat dan dapat dipertahankan dalam jangka panjang maka perlu diketahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya.
Secara umum pertumbuhan ekonomi dipengaruhi oleh dua faktor yaitu faktor ekonomi seperti sumber daya alam, sumber daya manusia, modal, teknologi dan lainlain, serta faktor non ekonomi seperti lembaga sosial, keadaan politik dan nilai-nilai kultural suatu bangsa yang mendukung berlangsungnya proses pertumbuhan ekonomi yang umumnya dilihat melalui total Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB).
Kotler (1997) menyatakan bahwa perekonomian suatu bangsa dipengaruhi oleh potensi ekonomis yang dimiliki negara mencakup sumber daya alam, jumlah penduduk, human capital, modal fisik, teknologi dan infrastruktur. Kekurangan kekurangannya dapat dipenuhi dengan impor yang dapat dibayar dengan ekspor produk-produk lain atau pinjaman luar negeri.
Human Capital (HC) berkontribusi langsung pada penciptaan kekayaan nasional. Semakin tinggi rata-rata tingkat keterampilan dan pengetahuan, semakin mudah bagi individu dalam usia kerja untuk memahami, menerapkan dan mendapatkan hasil dari kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang akhirnya meningkatkan standar hidup bangsa. Studi yang dilakukan Dale Jorgenson et al. (1987) pada ekonomi Amerika Serikat dengan rentang waktu 1948-1979 menunjukkan bahwa 46 persen pertumbuhan ekonomi disebabkan pembentukan modal (capital formation), 31 persen disebabkan pertumbuhan tenaga kerja dan modal manusia serta 24 persen disebabkan kemajuan teknologi.
Tjiptoherijanto (1994) menyatakan modal dasar yang digunakan ekonom untuk menjelaskan PDB atau Gross Domestik Product (GDP) dalam bentuk fungsi produksi di mana output GDP merupakan fungsi dari dua input utama yaitu tenaga kerja dan modal. Penelitian di Amerika Serikat (AS) menunjukkan bahwa perubahan GNP bukan semata-mata oleh adanya perkembangan tenaga kerja dan modal, akan tetapi dari faktor residual, yakni peningkatan kualitas sumber daya manusia dari faktor produksi. Dimana peningkatan tersbut dapat dicapai dengan riset dan pengambangan.
Jika dilihat dari besarnya investasi di bidang riset dan pengembangan, kondisi Indonesia tidak lebih baik dibanding China dan Singapura. Anggaran untuk riset dan pengembangan Indonesia jauh lebih kecil. Demikian juga dari besarnya investasi pendidikan yang dilakukan di luar negeri. Singapura, yang berpenduduk tidak sampai setengah penduduk Jakarta, mengirim mahasiswa ke AS hampir setengah jumlah mahasiswa Indonesia di AS.
Kualitas faktor produksi sumber daya manusia sangat dipengaruhi oleh tingkat pendidikan dan kesehatan. Peningkatan kualitas sumber daya manusia melalui pendidikan dan kesehatan merupakan dua hal penting untuk meningkatkan stok human capital selain pengembangan teknologi dan penelitian. Sumber kemajuan ekonomi berasal dari peningkatan produktivitas manusia (lebih sehat, terampil, terdidik, bermotivasi bekerja), mesin baru yang lebih produktif, organisasi produksi (penemuan, keringanan pajak, subsidi BBM dan listrik) dan efisiensi kerja (kesehatan buruh, kursus-kursus atau training dan sistem pendidikan yang lebih baik).
Fergus (1995) menyatakan bahwa konsep pengembangan sumber daya manusia menurut pemikiran klasik didasarkan pada hubungan kesetaraan antara manusia dalam hal ini tenaga kerja dengan sejumlah faktor produksi lain seperti tanah, material dan mesin-mesin. Pengeluaran pemerintah (government expenditure) dapat mempengaruhi aktivitas ekonomi pada umumnya. Belanja modal dalam bidang pendidikan dan kesehatan sangat penting. Selain itu, belanja pemerintah untuk penyediaan sarana dan prasarana akan mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi, sepanjang perekonomian belum mencapai tingkat kesempatan kerja penuh (full employment).
Studi-studi mengenai investasi dalam HC penting dilakukan di Indonesia, mengingat jumlah Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM) dan Sumber Daya Alam (SDA) yang besar. SDM terdiri dari tenaga kerja terampil dan terdidik serta tenaga kerja yang kurang terampil (tidak tamat SD). Dengan mengintroduksi pengalaman negara-negara yang telah mencapai kemajuan disebabkan pengembangan sumber daya manusia.
Human capital sebagaimana yang diinternalisasi dalam model teori neo-klasik dan teori pertumbuhan baru. Neo-klasik menekankan tenaga kerja dan modal sedangkan teori pertumbuhan baru menekankan pada investasi dalam pengetahuan, teori ini menguji peran investasi dalam modal fisik, modal manusia dalam menentukan pertumbuhan ekonomi jangka panjang.
Poin pentingnya adalah jika negara alfa dalam pengembangan Human Capital maka inisiasi dan aksi langsung mestinya tetap dilakukan oleh siapa saja, individu, komunitas atau masyarakat.
(nb: Background proposal Alamyin Penelitian yang telah dimodifikasi)
INSPIRASI SEPANJANG MASA DARI DR.DIMITRI MAHAYANA
INSPIRASI SEPANJANG MASA DARI DR.DIMITRI MAHAYANA. Sudah lama berniat untuk mempublish, Materi-materi kajian Logika dan Pengantar Filsafat Dr. Dimitri Mahaya, Edisi copy saya peroleh ketika masih kuliah semester dua di Matematika UNM.
Salah satu artikel yang merubah cara pandang saya terhadap model 'keberagamaan' adalah, Non-Kontradiksi dan Kausalitas. Namun, sebelum menunaikan niat, saya coba searching di Google. Batas kueri hanya sampai 32 kata. Tetap saja saya coba searching rangkaian kata berikut :)
Jika seekor kucing benar-benar berada di rumah, dan kita yakin bahwa "kucing ada di rumah", dan kita katakan bahwa "kucing ada di rumah", maka jelas keyakinan kita maupun proposisi yang kita nyatakan bernilai benar secara mutlak. Inilah yang saya maksudkan dengan absolutisme. Setiap peyakin kebenaran, mesti seorang absolute.
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| Sumber : http://www.claudiorugge.com/imgnew/g/filosof.jpg |
dan hasilnya:
Sekitar 112 hasil (0.18 detik)
Hasil di atas menandakan bahwa cukup banyak yang telah mengupload di Blog/ Weblog. Oleh karena itu niat pun diurungkan dan hanya mengupload file .pdf. Sekalian mendigitalisasi segala sesuatu yang menginspirasi.
Dr. Dimitri Mahayana adalah sosok yang bukan hanya ahli dibidang akademiknya (Elektro) tetapi Belia juga adalah sosok Intelektual, Tokoh Spiritual, pakar Bisnis, Pemerhati Sosial dan masih banyak lagi keahlian yang menjadikannya sangat pantas dijadikan inspirasi dan salah satu referensi dalam mengarungi bahtera kehidupan.
Inspirasi unik dengan ide unik yang beda dengan akademisi kebanyakan menjadi alasan pendukung, kecintaannya pada Pengetahuan telah diwujudkannya dalam berbagai karya. Salah satu Artikel yang menarik adalah "Berhala Globalisme dan Kapitalisme Global" dan bukunya yang bertajuk "Futuristik", Buku terbitan tahun 2000-an yang memprediksi, bahwa kedepan, orang yang buta hurup adalah yang tidak mampu menguasai bahasa inggris dan keahlian komputer. Kini, semakin nyata terjadi dihadapan kita.
Untuk sesi pertama Ide Tokoh Unik, akan berbagi beberapa tulisan beliau yang merupakan dasar atas pengusaan ilmu-ilmu lainnya. Artikel sederhana singkat dan padat, yang dapat dijadikan salah satu bahan referensi sepanjang masa :)
1. Download "Logika dan Kausalitas"
2. Download "Absolutisme Vs Realtivisme"
3. Download "Bukti-bukti Ketunggalan Realitas'
4. Download "Dialektika"
5. Download "Non-Kontradiksi dan Kausalitas"
7. Download " Kembali kepada Prima Principia"
Kalo koneksinya lumayan ok Download "Inspirasi Dimitri Mahayana"
Semoga bermanfaat;
Keep share and enjoy !
05/05/2012
ESSENTIAL IDIOM FOR TOEFL TEST [6]
ESSENTIAL IDIOM FOR TOEFL TEST [6]. Idiom merupakan gabungan kata yang membentuk arti baru yang artinya tidak mudah dipahami hanya dengan memahami kata yang membentuknya. Postingan Idiom I 'Three in One" dan audionya dapat direview "here" dan Pelajaran Idiom ke-2 "here". Idiom ke-3 dapat disimak "here". Idiom sesi ke-4 dan 5 dapat dilihat dalam postingan sebelumnya.
Makna idiomatikal adalah makna sebuah satuan bahasa (entah kata, frase atau kalimat) yang “menyimpang” dari makna leksikal atau makna gramatikal unsur-unsur pembentuknya. Untuk mengetahui makna idiom sebuah kata (frase atau kalimat) tidak ada jalan selain mencarinya dalam kamus. Berikut adalah beberapa contoh idiom yang biasa di gunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari ataupun dalam tes Toefl.
1. to eat in/to eat out: to eat at home/to eat in a restaurant
o I feel too tired to go out for dinner. Let's eat in again tonight.
o When you eat out, what restaurant do you generally go to?
2. cut and dried: predictable, known beforehand; boring
o The results of the national election were rather cut and dried; the Republicans won easily.
o A job on a factory assembly line is certainly cut and dried.
3. to look after: to watch, to supervise, to protect (also: to take care of, to keep an eye on)
o Grandma will look after the baby while we go to the lecture.
o Who is going to take care of your house plants while you are away?
o I'd appreciate it if you'd keep an eye on my car while I'm in the store.
4. to feel like: to have the desire to, to want to consider
This idiom is usually followed by a gerund (the –ing form of a verb used as a noun).
o I don't feel like studying tonight. Let's go to a basketball game.
o I feel like taking a long walk. Would you like to go with me?
5. once and for all: finally, absolutely
o My daughter told her boyfriend once and for all that she wouldn't date him anymore.
o Once and for all, john has quit smoking cigarettes.
6. to hear from: to receive news or information from
To hear from is used for receiving a letter, telephone call, etc., from a person or organization.
o I don't hear from my brother very often since he moved to Chicago.
o Have you heard from the company about that new job?
7. to hear of: to know about, to be familiar with; to consider
The second definition is always used in the negative.
o When I asked for directions to Mill Street, the police officer said that she had never heard of it.
o Byron strongly disagreed with my request by saying, "I won't hear of it!"
8. to make fun of: to laugh at, to joke about
o They are making fun of Carla's new hair style. Don't you think that it'sreally strange?
o Don't make fun of Jose's English. He's doing the best he can.
9. to come true: to become reality, to prove to be correct
o The weatherman's forecast for today's weather certainly came true.
o Everything that the economists predicted about the increased cost of living has come true.
10. as a matter of fact: really, actually (also: in fact)
o Hans thinks he knows English well but, as a matter of fact, he speaks very poorly.
o I didn't say that. In fact, I said quite the opposite.
11. to have one's way: to arrange matters the way one wants (especially when someone else doesn't want to same way) (also: to get one's way)
o My brother always wants to have his way, but this time our parents said that we could do what I wanted.
o If Sheila doesn't get her way, she becomes very angry.
12. to look forward to: to expect or anticipate with pleasure
This idiom can be followed by a regular noun or a gerund.
o We're greatly looking forward to our vacation in Mexico.
o Margaret never looks forward to going to work.
LESSON 15
1. inside out: with the inside facing the outside
o Someone should tell little Bobby that his shirt is inside out.
o The high winds ruined the umbrella by blowing it inside out.
2. upside down: with the upper side turned toward the lower side
o The accident caused on car to turn upside down, its wheels spinning in the air.
o One of the students was only pretending to read her textbook; the teacher could see that the book was actually upside down.
3. to fill in: to write answers in (S); to inform, to tell (S)
For the second definition, the idiom can be followed by the preposition on and the information that someone is told.
o You should be careful to fill in the blanks on the registration form correctly.
o Barry was absent from the meeting, so I'd better fill him in.
o Has anyone filled the boss in on the latest public relation disaster?
4. to fill out: to complete a form (S)
This idiom is very similar to the first definition above. To fill in refers to completing various parts of a form, while to fill out refers to completing a form as one whole item.
o Every prospective employee must fill out an application by giving name, address, previous jobs, etc.
o The teenager had some trouble filling the forms out by himself, so his mother helped him.
5. to take advantage of: to use well, to profit from; to use another person's weaknesses to gain what one wants
o I took advantage of my neighbor's superior skill at tennis to improve my own ability at the game.
o Teddy is such a small, weak child that his friends take advantage of him all the time. They take advantage of him by demanding money and making him do things for them.
6. no matter: regardless of
This idiom is a shortened form of it doesn't matter. It is followed by a question word such as how, where, when, who, etc.
o No matter how much money he spends on his clothes, he never looks well dressed.
o No matter where that escaped prisoner tries to hide, the police will find him sooner or later.
7. to take up: to begin to do or study, to undertake (S); to occupy space, time, or energy (S)
o After today's exam, the class will be ready to take up the last chapter in the book.
o The piano takes up too much space in our living room. However, it would take too much time up to move it right now; so we'd better wait until later.
8. to take up with: to consult someone about an important matter (S)
The important matter follows the verb take, while the person consulted
follows with.
o Can I take the problem up with you right now? It's quite urgent.
o I can't help you with this matter. You'll have to take it up with the manager.
9. to take after: to resemble a parent or close relative (for physical appearance only, also: to look like)
o Which of your parents do you take after the most?
o Sam looks like his father, but he takes after his mother in personality.
10. in the long run: eventually, after a long period of time
This idiom is similar in meaning to sooner or later (Lesson 1). The difference is that in the long run refers to a more extended period of time.
o In the long run, the synthetic weave in this carpet will wear better than the woolen one. You won't have to replace it so soon.
o If you work hard at your marriage, you'll find out that, in the long run, your spouse can be your best friend in life.
11. in touch: having contact
o James will be in touch with us soon to relay the details of the plan.
o I certainly enjoyed seeing you again after all these years. Let's be sure to keep in touch.
12. out of touch: not having contact; not having knowledge of
o Marge and I had been out of touch for years, but then suddenly she called me up the other day.
o Larry has been so busy that he seems out of touch with world events.
o I feel too tired to go out for dinner. Let's eat in again tonight.
o When you eat out, what restaurant do you generally go to?
2. cut and dried: predictable, known beforehand; boring
o The results of the national election were rather cut and dried; the Republicans won easily.
o A job on a factory assembly line is certainly cut and dried.
3. to look after: to watch, to supervise, to protect (also: to take care of, to keep an eye on)
o Grandma will look after the baby while we go to the lecture.
o Who is going to take care of your house plants while you are away?
o I'd appreciate it if you'd keep an eye on my car while I'm in the store.
4. to feel like: to have the desire to, to want to consider
This idiom is usually followed by a gerund (the –ing form of a verb used as a noun).
o I don't feel like studying tonight. Let's go to a basketball game.
o I feel like taking a long walk. Would you like to go with me?
5. once and for all: finally, absolutely
o My daughter told her boyfriend once and for all that she wouldn't date him anymore.
o Once and for all, john has quit smoking cigarettes.
6. to hear from: to receive news or information from
To hear from is used for receiving a letter, telephone call, etc., from a person or organization.
o I don't hear from my brother very often since he moved to Chicago.
o Have you heard from the company about that new job?
7. to hear of: to know about, to be familiar with; to consider
The second definition is always used in the negative.
o When I asked for directions to Mill Street, the police officer said that she had never heard of it.
o Byron strongly disagreed with my request by saying, "I won't hear of it!"
8. to make fun of: to laugh at, to joke about
o They are making fun of Carla's new hair style. Don't you think that it'sreally strange?
o Don't make fun of Jose's English. He's doing the best he can.
9. to come true: to become reality, to prove to be correct
o The weatherman's forecast for today's weather certainly came true.
o Everything that the economists predicted about the increased cost of living has come true.
10. as a matter of fact: really, actually (also: in fact)
o Hans thinks he knows English well but, as a matter of fact, he speaks very poorly.
o I didn't say that. In fact, I said quite the opposite.
11. to have one's way: to arrange matters the way one wants (especially when someone else doesn't want to same way) (also: to get one's way)
o My brother always wants to have his way, but this time our parents said that we could do what I wanted.
o If Sheila doesn't get her way, she becomes very angry.
12. to look forward to: to expect or anticipate with pleasure
This idiom can be followed by a regular noun or a gerund.
o We're greatly looking forward to our vacation in Mexico.
o Margaret never looks forward to going to work.
LESSON 15
1. inside out: with the inside facing the outside
o Someone should tell little Bobby that his shirt is inside out.
o The high winds ruined the umbrella by blowing it inside out.
2. upside down: with the upper side turned toward the lower side
o The accident caused on car to turn upside down, its wheels spinning in the air.
o One of the students was only pretending to read her textbook; the teacher could see that the book was actually upside down.
3. to fill in: to write answers in (S); to inform, to tell (S)
For the second definition, the idiom can be followed by the preposition on and the information that someone is told.
o You should be careful to fill in the blanks on the registration form correctly.
o Barry was absent from the meeting, so I'd better fill him in.
o Has anyone filled the boss in on the latest public relation disaster?
4. to fill out: to complete a form (S)
This idiom is very similar to the first definition above. To fill in refers to completing various parts of a form, while to fill out refers to completing a form as one whole item.
o Every prospective employee must fill out an application by giving name, address, previous jobs, etc.
o The teenager had some trouble filling the forms out by himself, so his mother helped him.
5. to take advantage of: to use well, to profit from; to use another person's weaknesses to gain what one wants
o I took advantage of my neighbor's superior skill at tennis to improve my own ability at the game.
o Teddy is such a small, weak child that his friends take advantage of him all the time. They take advantage of him by demanding money and making him do things for them.
6. no matter: regardless of
This idiom is a shortened form of it doesn't matter. It is followed by a question word such as how, where, when, who, etc.
o No matter how much money he spends on his clothes, he never looks well dressed.
o No matter where that escaped prisoner tries to hide, the police will find him sooner or later.
7. to take up: to begin to do or study, to undertake (S); to occupy space, time, or energy (S)
o After today's exam, the class will be ready to take up the last chapter in the book.
o The piano takes up too much space in our living room. However, it would take too much time up to move it right now; so we'd better wait until later.
8. to take up with: to consult someone about an important matter (S)
The important matter follows the verb take, while the person consulted
follows with.
o Can I take the problem up with you right now? It's quite urgent.
o I can't help you with this matter. You'll have to take it up with the manager.
9. to take after: to resemble a parent or close relative (for physical appearance only, also: to look like)
o Which of your parents do you take after the most?
o Sam looks like his father, but he takes after his mother in personality.
10. in the long run: eventually, after a long period of time
This idiom is similar in meaning to sooner or later (Lesson 1). The difference is that in the long run refers to a more extended period of time.
o In the long run, the synthetic weave in this carpet will wear better than the woolen one. You won't have to replace it so soon.
o If you work hard at your marriage, you'll find out that, in the long run, your spouse can be your best friend in life.
11. in touch: having contact
o James will be in touch with us soon to relay the details of the plan.
o I certainly enjoyed seeing you again after all these years. Let's be sure to keep in touch.
12. out of touch: not having contact; not having knowledge of
o Marge and I had been out of touch for years, but then suddenly she called me up the other day.
o Larry has been so busy that he seems out of touch with world events.
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