14/07/2012
Mengenal Karaeng Pattingalloang (Intelektual yang Terlupakan)
NAMANYA kalah populer dari Sultan Hasanuddin, Raja Gowa XVI. Nama Sultan Hasanuddin diabadikan menjadi nama perguruan tinggi terbesar di Indonesia Timur, yaitu Universitas Hasanuddin (UNHAS) di Makassar. Padahal jika kita menilik sejarahnya, dari segi kecendekiawanan sebenarnya jauh lebih cendekia seorang Pattingaloang dibanding Sultan Hasanuddin. Kepopuleran Sultan Hasanuddin adalah karena berjuang melawan Belanda dan dianugerahi gelar Pahlawan Nasional. Pattingaloang merupakan satu contoh bahwa sejak zaman kerajaan masih berlangsung, orang barat telah mengakui kecerdasan seorang muda belia Makassar.
Dalam Sejarah Sulawesi Selatan, dikenal nama Karaeng Pattingaloang, Raja Tallo VIII yang juga merangkap Pabbicara Butta (Mangkubumi) Kerajaan Gowa pada masa pemerintahan Raja Gowa XV, Sultan Muhammad Said. Karaeng Pattingaloang merupakan satu contoh bangsawan yang modernis, menguasai Politik dan Hukum Tata Negara, mampu berkomunikasi dalam berbagai bahasa asing (Belanda, Inggris, Spanyol, Portugis, Arab dan Latin) di usianya yang masih sangat belia, 18 tahun. Ruangan kerjanya berupa perpustakaan pribadi dengan ribuan buku yang berasal dari Erofah Barat pada Abad XVII.
Nama lengkapnya adalah I Mangadacinna Daeng Sitaba Sultan Mahmud Karaeng Pattingaloang, putera Raja Tallo VI I Malingkaang Daeng Nyonri Karaeng Matoaya. Atas jasanya, Gowa mengalami puncak kejayaan dan mampu menjalin hubungan persahabatan dengan Raja Inggris, Raja Castilia di Spanyol, Mufti Besar Saudi Arabia, Raja Portugis, Gubernur Spanyol di Manila, Raja Muda Portugis di Goa (India) dan Merchante di Masulipatan (India). Sebagaimana Ayahnya, Karaeng Matoaya, Karaeng Pattingaloang juga seorang ahli ibadah, dapat membaca kitab gundul dan menerangkan tafsirnya. Karaeng Pattingaloang adalah salah seorang putera dari Karaeng Matoaya dari ibunya bernama I Wara, Salah seorang saudara kandungnya adalah Sultan Abdul Gaffar, yang gugur dalam perjalanan setelah menaklukkan Timor dalam tahun 1841.
Kalau Karaeng Matoaya semasa menjabat Mangkubumi (1593 – 1636) dianggap telah meletakkan dasar perkembangan Kota Makassar sebagai Bandar internasional, maka puteranya Karaeng Pattingaloang mengantarkan Gowa ke puncak kejayaan sebagai kerajaan terkuat dan Bandar niaga terbesar pada zamannya baik di nusantara maupun di luar negeri. Oleh karena mahir dalam beberapa bahasa Eropa, maka dia tampil sebagai tokoh pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan pembangunan pada zamannya. Bahkan mungkin sampai kini belum ada yang dapat menandinginya dalam penguasaan bahasa asing.
Semua pendatang Eropah serentak memujinya, termasuk Belanda yang selalu bermusuhan dengan orang – orang Makassar. Alexander Rhodes, seorang misionaris Katolik di Makassar pada tahun 1646 menulis tentang Karaeng Pattingaloang, sebagai berikut, “Karaeng Pattingaloang adalah orang yang menguasai semua rahasia ilmu barat, sejarah Eropah dipelajarinya, selalu memegang buku Matematika, setiap hari ia membaca buku sains barat. Mendengarkan ia berbahasa Portugis tanpa melihat orangnya, maka orang akan menyangka, bahwa orang yang berbicara itu adalah orang Portugis Lisabon.”.
“…….The high governor of the whole kingdom…….is called Carim Pattengaloa, whom I found exceedingly wise and sensible……..a very honest man. He knew all our mystery very well, had read with curiosity all the cronicles of our European kings, He always had books of our is hand, especially those treating with mathematics, in which he was quite well versus. Indeed he had such at it day and night…..To hear him speak without seeing him one would take him for a native Portuguese for he spoke the language as fluently as people from Lisbon it self………”.
Sedang dalam catatan Fride Rhodes disebutkan kalau Karaeng Pattingaloang sangat menggilai inovasi teknik Eropah dan merupakan orang Asia Tenggara pertama yang menyadari pentingnya Matematika untuk Ilmu Terapan. Di ruang kerjanya terdapat globe, peta dunia dan atlas dengan deskripsi dalam Bahasa Spanyol, Portuigis dan Latin. Reid mengatakan pula bahwa Di istana Makassar pada Abad XVII terdapat semangat yang besar untuk memahami dan meniru peta pelayaran Erofah dan barangkali kutipan Makassar itulah yang memberikan inspirasi tradisi peta pelayaran Bugis.
Karaeng Pattingaloang juga menyukai hadiah orang – orang asing, mulai berupa kuda, antelope, gajah sampai senjata api, dan sebagainya. Pada globe yang terbuat dari tembaga, yang dihadiahkan oleh VOC kepada Karaeng Pattingaloang, penyair terkenal Belanda, Jost van den Vondel pada masa itu, telah menaruh kalimat pujian kepada beliau sebagai seorang terpelajar dan seluruh dunia terlalu kecillah baginya. Pada tahun 1652 sebuah kapal Inggris mengantarkan teleskop Galilean Prosphective Glass ciptaan Galilea kepada Raja Gowa Sultan Malikuissaid, yang dipesan dan dibeli oleh Sultan Alauddin sebelumnya, tahun 1635. Ini membuktikan bahwa Kerajaan Makassar pada masa itu telah ikut berkecimpung dalam semangat Renaissance Sains Barat, dan mempengaruhi budaya Makassar masa itu. (Makkulau, 2005).
Terima kasih Pak Makkulau
Sumber: http://sejarah.kompasiana.com/2011/04/07/kecendekiawanan-pattingaloang-malu-aku-mengetahuinya/?ref=signin#comment
11/06/2012
Proposal Penelitian Ekonomi
Proposal Penelitian Ekonomi. Pada umumnya dalam presentase proposal penelitian atau ujian skripsi/ tesis dan sebagainya, hal yang paling utama dan urgen ditanyakan adalah "MASALAH PENELITIAN". Penelitian yang baik adalah yang masalahnya dikemukakan dengan sejelas mungkin. Masalah penelitian hanya dapat ditemukan jika peneliti mengetahui "kenapa masalah tersebut penting diteliti". JIka calon peneliti/ mahasiswa berhasil medefinisikan masalah penelitian dengan baik, maka bisa dikatakan, ia telah berhasil separuh dalam penelitian. Menyusun proposal bukanlah proses instan. Oleh karena itu, Contoh pembuatan proposal ini adalah pengalaman mengikuti mata kuliah metodologi penelitian, yang akan disajikan dalam site alamyin.com tidak dengan instan. Postingan sebelumnya tentang "Contoh Proposal Penelitian" menguraikan tentang tahapan-tahapan pembuatan proposal dan link download contoh proposal penelitian ekonomi. Kenapa ekonomi, karena bidang keilmuan saya ekonomi :).
Uraian berikut ini mengemukakan tentang Beberapa fenomena Mengapa Investasi Human Capital penting untuk diteliti:
Semoga bermakna, Keep share and relax :)
Uraian berikut ini mengemukakan tentang Beberapa fenomena Mengapa Investasi Human Capital penting untuk diteliti:
- Enam puluh tujuh tahun Indonesia telah merdeka, namun kemajuannya tidak seperti negara-negara yang baru merdeka setelahnya seperti Singapura, Malaysia, bahkan dahulu warga Malaysia banyak belajar di Indonesia, Namun sekarang Indonesia harus mengimpor tenaga ahli dari Malaysia. Mengapa Malaysia bisa lebih maju daripada Indonesia. Adakah masalah dengan strategi pembangunan Indonesia ?.
- Pertumbuhan ekonomi 2008 dari tiga negara di asia masing-masing China 9 %, India 7,3% dan Indonesia 6,1% , perbedaan pertumbuhan ini karena besaran kontribusi investasi Human Capital.
- Studi yang dilakukan Dale Jorgenson et al. (1987) pada ekonomi Amerika Serikat dengan rentang waktu 1948-1979 menunjukkan bahwa 46 persen pertumbuhan ekonomi disebabkan pembentukan modal (capital formation), 31 persen disebabkan pertumbuhan tenaga kerja dan modal manusia serta 24 persen disebabkan kemajuan teknologi.
- Penelitian di Amerika Serikat (AS) menunjukkan bahwa perubahan GNP bukan semata-mata oleh adanya perkembangan tenaga kerja dan modal, akan tetapi dari faktor residual, yakni peningkatan kualitas sumber daya manusia dari faktor produksi. Dimana peningkatan tersebut dapat dicapai dengan riset dan pengambangan.
- Jika dilihat dari besarnya investasi di bidang riset dan pengembangan, kondisi Indonesia tidak lebih baik dibanding China dan Singapura. Anggaran untuk riset dan pengembangan Indonesia jauh lebih kecil. Demikian juga dari besarnya investasi pendidikan yang dilakukan di luar negeri. Singapura yang berpenduduk tidak sampai setengah penduduk Jakarta, mengirim mahasiswa ke AS hampir setengah jumlah mahasiswa Indonesia di AS. Data menunjukkan sekitar 60% tenaga kerja Singapura adalah lulusan perguruan tinggi sedangkan Indonesia hanya pada kisaran 1,9 % dari jumlah penduduknya.
- Human Capital (HC) berkontribusi langsung pada penciptaan kekayaan nasional. Semakin tinggi rata-rata tingkat keterampilan dan pengetahuan, semakin mudah bagi individu dalam usia kerja untuk memahami, menerapkan dan mendapatkan hasil dari kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang akhirnya meningkatkan standar hidup bangsa.
Semoga bermakna, Keep share and relax :)
02/06/2012
ESSENTIAL IDIOM FOR TOEFL [9]
ESSENTIAL IDIOM FOR TOEFL [9]. Idiom atau ungkapan adalah gabungan kata yang membentuk arti baru yang artinya tidak mudah dipahami hanya dengan memahami kata yang membentuknya. Postingan Idiom I 'Three in One" dan audionya dapat direview "here" dan Pelajaran Idiom ke-2 "here". Idiom ke-3 dapat disimak "here". Idiom sesi ke-4 dapat direview "here' . Postingan Essential IDIOM ke-5, Idiom ke-6 . Idiom ke-7. Berikut adalah Essential Idiom ke-8,
Lesson 20
1. to hold still: not to move (S)
o Please hold still while I adjust your tie.
o If you don't hold that camera still, you'll get a blurred picture.
2. to know by sight: to recognize (S)
This idiom is used when the person has been seen previously but is not known personally. The person must be used to separate the idiom.
o I have never met our new neighbors; I simply know them by sight.
o The woman said that she would know the thief by sight if she ever saw him again.
3. to be the matter: to be unsatisfactory, to be improper, to be wrong
In a question, this idiom is used with what or something. In an answer, something or nothing is usually used.
o A: What is the matter, Betty? You look very upset.
o B: Yes, something is the matter. I've lost my purse!
o A: Is something the matter, Charles? You don't look well.
o B: No, nothing is the matter. I'm just a little under the weather.
4. to bring up: to rear, to raise from childhood (S); to mention, to raise an issue,
to introduce a topic (S)
o Parents should bring up their children to be responsible members of society.
o Sarah wanted to bring the scheduling problem up at the club meeting, but finally she decided against doing so.
o One of the students brought up an interesting point related to the subject in our textbook.
5. to get lost: to become lost; to go away in order not to bother
The second definition provides a very informal, even rude, meaning that should be used only with close friends. It is sometimes used in a joking manner.
o While driving in Boston, we got lost and drove many miles in the wrong direction.
o Todd kept bothering me while I was studying, so I told him to get lost.
o Lisa joked that she wanted her sister to get lost forever.
6. to hold up: to delay, to make late (S); to remain high in quality
o A big accident held up traffic on the highway for several hours.
o Deidre is amazed at how well her car has held up over the years.
7. to run away: to leave without permission; to escape
o The young couple ran away and got married because their parents wouldn't permit it.
o That cat is just like a criminal --- it runs away from anyone who tries to come near!
8. to rule out: to refuse to consider, to prohibit (S)
o Heather ruled out applying to college in Texas because she would rather go to school in Canada.
o I'd like to watch a good movie on TV tonight, but a ton of homework rules that out.
9. by far: by a great margin, clearly
o Jacquie is by far the most intelligent student in our class.
o This is by far the hottest, most humid summer we've had in years.
10. to see off: to say good-bye upon departure by train, airplane, bus, etc. (also: to send off) (S)
A noun or pronoun must divide the idiom.
o We are going to the airport to see Peter off on his trip to Europe.
o When I left for Cincinnati on a business trip, no one came to the train station to send me off.
11. to see out: to accompany a person out of a house, building, etc. (S)
A noun or pronoun must again divide the idiom.
o The Johnsons were certain to see their guests out as each one left the party.
o Would you please see me out to the car? It's very dark outside.]
12. no wonder: it's no surprise that, not surprisingly
This idiom derives form reducing it is no wonder that...
o No wonder the portable heater doesn't work. It's not plugged into the electrical outlet!
o Jack has been out of town for several weeks. No wonder we haven't seen him recently.
LESSON 21
1. to go up: to increase (also: to drive up); to be constructed, to be erected
The second definition is the same as the one for to put up in Lesson 19, except
that go up is not used with a noun object.
o Economists are predicting that consumer prices are going up. Inflation always has a tendency to drive up the cost of products.
o A new office is going up in the downtown area. A major construction company is putting it up.
2. to go up to: to approach (also: to come up to, to walk up to, to run up to, to drive up to, etc.)
The related forms have the same meaning, but the type of movement is different.
o After the lecture, several people in the audience went up to the speaker to congratulate her.
o The little girl came up to me and shook my hand as if she had known me for years.
o Bill's friend didn't want to admit that they had gotten lost, but finally he agreed to drive up to a gas station and inquire about the correct route.
3. to hand in: to submit or deliver something that is due (S)
o Every student has to hand in an original composition each week of the semester.
o All the salepeople hand their weekly reports in on Friday.
4. in case: in order to be prepared if
When the idiom occurs at the end of the sentence (the second example), then the meaning is in order to be prepared if something happens. The "something" might be an accident, a delay, etc.
o You'd better close the windows in case it rains.
o We should be sure to leave for the airport early, just in case.
o Cynthia, take one of your books in case you have some time to read on our trip.
5. to take apart: to disassemble, to separate the parts of something (S)
A noun or pronoun usually divides this idiom.
o It is much easier to take a watch apart than it is to assemble it.
o The engine had a serious problem, so the mechanic had to take it apart
completely in order to fix it.
6. to put together: to assemble (S)
A noun or pronoun usually divides this idiom. The preposition back is used
when something has been disassembled and then is being reassembled, as in
the second example.
o Todd followed the directions on the box but he couldn't manage to put the bicycle together properly.
o After the teenager took the broken video game apart and fixed it, he was unable to put it back together again.
7. to be better off: to be in a more favorable condition or situation
The opposite of this idiom is to be worse off.
o Jim would be better off staying at home because of his cold.
o You'd be much better off working in an office than in a factory.
o The economies of some nations are worse off than they were several
decades ago.
8. to be well-off: to have enough money to enjoy a comfortable life, to be rich (also: to be well-to-do)
o They live in the best section of town in a large home; they are very well- off.
o By the time I reach the age of fifty-five, I hope to be well-to-do and to travel frequently.
9. to take by surprise: to surprise, to amaze, to astonish (S)
A noun or pronoun usually divides this idiom.
o The offer of a high-paying position with another company took me by surprise.
o The president's announcement that the university was in financial trouble didn't take anyone by surprise.
10. to keep in touch with: to maintain contact with (also: to stay in touch with)
This idiom should be compared with to get in touch with in Lesson 9.
o You can telephone me every few days, and in that way we can keep in touch with each other.
o He promised to stay in touch with us while he was abroad. However, we were very disappointed that he never did get in touch with us.
11. to name after: to give the same name as another (S)
o Helen's parents named Helen after her grandmother.
o My grandson is named after Calvin Coolidge, the 30th President of the United States.
12. to hold on: to grasp tightly or firmly; to wait, to be patient
The second definition is often used when someone is talking on the telephone.
o The little girl held on to her mother's hand and refused to let go as they walked through the large crowd of people.
o (on the telephone) Could you please hold on a moment while I get a pencil and paper?
o Come on, Mike, hold on. I can't get ready so quickly.
