13/05/2012
ESSENTIAL IDIOM FOR TOEFL TEST [8]
ESSENTIAL IDIOM FOR TOEFL TEST [8]. Idiom atau ungkapan adalah gabungan kata yang membentuk arti baru yang artinya tidak mudah dipahami hanya dengan memahami kata yang membentuknya. Postingan Idiom I 'Three in One" dan audionya dapat direview "here" dan Pelajaran Idiom ke-2 "here". Idiom ke-3 dapat disimak "here". Idiom sesi ke-4 dapat direview "here' . Postingan Essential IDIOM ke-5, Idiom ke-6 . Idiom ke-7. Berikut adalah Essential Idiom ke-8,
With prices so high now, I'll have to do without a new suit this year.
o As a traveling salesperson, Monica can't do without a car.
o It's a shame that so many poor people in the world have to go without basic necessities of life such as nutritious food and suitable shelter.
2. according to: in the order of; on the authority of
o The students on the football team were ranked according to height, from shortest to tallest.
o According to my dictionary, you are using that word in your essay incorrectly.
3. to be bound to: to be certain to, to be sure to
This idiom is used when the occurrence of an event seems inevitable or unavoidable.
o We are bound to be late if you don't hurry up.
o With the economy improving now, their business is bound to make more money this year.
4. for sure: without doubt (also: for certain)
o In the dark, I couldn't tell for sure whether it was Polly or Sarah who drove by.
o I now for certain that Gene will move back to Washington next month.
5. to take for: to perceive or understand as (S)
This idiom is usually used when someone is mistakenly perceived. A noun or pronoun must separate the idiom.
o Because of his strong, muscular body, I took him for a professional athlete. As it turns out, he doesn't play any professional sports.
o What do you take me for --- a fool? I don't believe what you're saying at all.
6. to try out: to test, to use during a trial period (S)
o You can try out the new car before you decide to buy it.
o I can let you try the computer out for a few days before you make a decision.
7. to tear down: to destroy by making flat, to demolish (S)
o The construction company had to tear down the old hotel in order to build a new office building.
o The owners had to tear the house down after it burned down in a fire.
8. to tear up: to rip into small pieces (S)
o Diedre tore up the letter angrily and threw all the pieces into the trash can.
o He told the lawyer to tear the old contract up and then to prepare a new one.
9. to go over: to be appreciated or accepted
This idiom is usually followed by the adverb well. (I Lesson 6 this idiom has
the meaning to review, as in the second sentence of the second example below.)
o The teacher's organized lessons always go over well with her students.
o The comedian's jokes weren't going over well; the audience wasn't laughing much at all. I think that the comedian should go over his material more carefully before each act.
10. to run out of: to exhaust the supply of, not to have more of
o We ran out of gas right in the middle of the main street in town.
o It's dangerous to run out of water if you are in an isolated area.
11. at heart: basically, fundamentally
This idiom is used to describe the true character of a person.
o James sometimes seems quite unfriendly, but at heart he's a good person.
o The Fares often don't see eye to eye, but at heart they both love each other very much.
12. about to: ready to, just going to
o We were about to leave the house when the phone rang.
o I'm sorry that I broke in. What were you about to say?
This idiom is often used when one accepts more responsibility than one can
handle alone. It is usually used in the form to bite off more than one can chew.
o When I accepted the position of chairman, I didn't realize how much I was biting off.
o When James registered for 18 units in his last semester at college, he
2. bit off more than he could chew.
3. to tell apart: to distinguish between (also: to pick apart, to tell from) (S)
o The two brothers look so much alike that few people can tell them apart.
o That copy machine is so good that I can't pick the photocopy and the original apart.
o Most new cars are very similar in appearance. It's almost impossible to tell one from another.
4. all in all: considering everything
o There were a few problems, but all in all it was a well-organized seminar.
o Leonard got a low grade in one subject, but all in all he's a good student.
5. to pass out: to distribute (also: to hand out) (S); to lose consciousness
The verbal idiom to hand out can be made into the noun handout to refer to items that are distributed in a class or meeting.
o Please help me pass out these test papers; there must be a hundred of them.
o Alright, students, here are the class handouts for this week.
o The weather was so hot in the soccer stadium that some of the fans in the stands passed out.
6. to go around: to be sufficient or adequate for everyone present; to circulate, to move from place to place
o We thought that we had bought enough food and drink for the party, but actually there wasn't enough to go around.
o There's a bad strain of influenza going a
7. to be in (the/one's) way: to block or obstruct; not to be helpful, to cause inconvenience (for both, also: to get in the/one's way)
o Jocelyn couldn't drive through the busy intersection because a big truck was in the way.
o Our small child tried to help us paint the house, but actually he just got in our way.
8. to put on: to gain (pounds or weight) (S); to present, to perform (S)
o Bob has put on a lot of weight recently. He must have put at least fifteen pounds on.
o The Youth Actor's Guild put on a wonderful version of Romeo and Juliet at the globe Theater.
9. to put up: to tolerate, to accept unwillingly
o The employee was fired because his boss could not put up with his mistakes any longer.
o While I'm studying, I can't put up with any noise or other distractions.
10. in vain: useless, without the desired result
o All the doctors' efforts to save the injured woman were in vain. She was declared dead three hours after being admitted to the hospital.
o We tried in vain to reach you last night. Is your phone out of order?
11. day in and day out: continuously, constantly (also: day after day; for longer periods of time, year in and year out and year after year)
o During the month of April, it rained day in and day out.
o Day after day I waited for a letter from him, but one never came.
o Year in and year out, the weather in San Diego is the best in the nation.
12. to catch up: to work with the purpose of fulfilling a requirement or being equal to others
The idiom is often followed by the preposition with and a noun phrase. It is
similar in meaning to keep up with from Lesson 17.
o The student was absent from class so long that it took her a long time to catch up.
o If you are not equal to others, first you have to catch up with them before you can keep up with them.
LESSON 18
1. to do without: survive or exist without something (also: to go without)With prices so high now, I'll have to do without a new suit this year.
o As a traveling salesperson, Monica can't do without a car.
o It's a shame that so many poor people in the world have to go without basic necessities of life such as nutritious food and suitable shelter.
2. according to: in the order of; on the authority of
o The students on the football team were ranked according to height, from shortest to tallest.
o According to my dictionary, you are using that word in your essay incorrectly.
3. to be bound to: to be certain to, to be sure to
This idiom is used when the occurrence of an event seems inevitable or unavoidable.
o We are bound to be late if you don't hurry up.
o With the economy improving now, their business is bound to make more money this year.
4. for sure: without doubt (also: for certain)
o In the dark, I couldn't tell for sure whether it was Polly or Sarah who drove by.
o I now for certain that Gene will move back to Washington next month.
5. to take for: to perceive or understand as (S)
This idiom is usually used when someone is mistakenly perceived. A noun or pronoun must separate the idiom.
o Because of his strong, muscular body, I took him for a professional athlete. As it turns out, he doesn't play any professional sports.
o What do you take me for --- a fool? I don't believe what you're saying at all.
6. to try out: to test, to use during a trial period (S)
o You can try out the new car before you decide to buy it.
o I can let you try the computer out for a few days before you make a decision.
7. to tear down: to destroy by making flat, to demolish (S)
o The construction company had to tear down the old hotel in order to build a new office building.
o The owners had to tear the house down after it burned down in a fire.
8. to tear up: to rip into small pieces (S)
o Diedre tore up the letter angrily and threw all the pieces into the trash can.
o He told the lawyer to tear the old contract up and then to prepare a new one.
9. to go over: to be appreciated or accepted
This idiom is usually followed by the adverb well. (I Lesson 6 this idiom has
the meaning to review, as in the second sentence of the second example below.)
o The teacher's organized lessons always go over well with her students.
o The comedian's jokes weren't going over well; the audience wasn't laughing much at all. I think that the comedian should go over his material more carefully before each act.
10. to run out of: to exhaust the supply of, not to have more of
o We ran out of gas right in the middle of the main street in town.
o It's dangerous to run out of water if you are in an isolated area.
11. at heart: basically, fundamentally
This idiom is used to describe the true character of a person.
o James sometimes seems quite unfriendly, but at heart he's a good person.
o The Fares often don't see eye to eye, but at heart they both love each other very much.
12. about to: ready to, just going to
o We were about to leave the house when the phone rang.
o I'm sorry that I broke in. What were you about to say?
LESSON 19
1. to bite off: to accept as a responsibility or taskThis idiom is often used when one accepts more responsibility than one can
handle alone. It is usually used in the form to bite off more than one can chew.
o When I accepted the position of chairman, I didn't realize how much I was biting off.
o When James registered for 18 units in his last semester at college, he
2. bit off more than he could chew.
3. to tell apart: to distinguish between (also: to pick apart, to tell from) (S)
o The two brothers look so much alike that few people can tell them apart.
o That copy machine is so good that I can't pick the photocopy and the original apart.
o Most new cars are very similar in appearance. It's almost impossible to tell one from another.
4. all in all: considering everything
o There were a few problems, but all in all it was a well-organized seminar.
o Leonard got a low grade in one subject, but all in all he's a good student.
5. to pass out: to distribute (also: to hand out) (S); to lose consciousness
The verbal idiom to hand out can be made into the noun handout to refer to items that are distributed in a class or meeting.
o Please help me pass out these test papers; there must be a hundred of them.
o Alright, students, here are the class handouts for this week.
o The weather was so hot in the soccer stadium that some of the fans in the stands passed out.
6. to go around: to be sufficient or adequate for everyone present; to circulate, to move from place to place
o We thought that we had bought enough food and drink for the party, but actually there wasn't enough to go around.
o There's a bad strain of influenza going a
7. to be in (the/one's) way: to block or obstruct; not to be helpful, to cause inconvenience (for both, also: to get in the/one's way)
o Jocelyn couldn't drive through the busy intersection because a big truck was in the way.
o Our small child tried to help us paint the house, but actually he just got in our way.
8. to put on: to gain (pounds or weight) (S); to present, to perform (S)
o Bob has put on a lot of weight recently. He must have put at least fifteen pounds on.
o The Youth Actor's Guild put on a wonderful version of Romeo and Juliet at the globe Theater.
9. to put up: to tolerate, to accept unwillingly
o The employee was fired because his boss could not put up with his mistakes any longer.
o While I'm studying, I can't put up with any noise or other distractions.
10. in vain: useless, without the desired result
o All the doctors' efforts to save the injured woman were in vain. She was declared dead three hours after being admitted to the hospital.
o We tried in vain to reach you last night. Is your phone out of order?
11. day in and day out: continuously, constantly (also: day after day; for longer periods of time, year in and year out and year after year)
o During the month of April, it rained day in and day out.
o Day after day I waited for a letter from him, but one never came.
o Year in and year out, the weather in San Diego is the best in the nation.
12. to catch up: to work with the purpose of fulfilling a requirement or being equal to others
The idiom is often followed by the preposition with and a noun phrase. It is
similar in meaning to keep up with from Lesson 17.
o The student was absent from class so long that it took her a long time to catch up.
o If you are not equal to others, first you have to catch up with them before you can keep up with them.
12/05/2012
Kesejahteraan Perspektif Komunitas
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| Sumber: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk |
Kesejahteraan Perspektif Komunitas. Andorra, Sebuah negara kecil terletak antara dua negara Perancis dan Spanyol, sebelah timur pegunungan Pyrenees. luasnya 468 km2 dengan jumlah penduduk Jumlah penduduk hanya 280.228 jiwa. Negeri kepangeranan ini berada di Eropa barat daya. Sebelah timur bantaran Sungai Pyrenees yang berbatasan dengan Perancis dan Spanyol. Negara makmur ini sangat mengandalkan sektor pariwisata dan juga kegiatan kebeacukaian. Andorra merupakan sebagian dari negara-negara Katalan. Karel yang Agung atau Karel Agung— Bapak pendiri Perancis dan Jerman, bahkan kadang disebut Bapak pendiri Eropa sejarah negeri ini cukup unik. Negeri ini terbilang cukup tua, telah ada sejak 1278. Cerita yang berkembang mengatakan, Karel yang Agung atau Karel Agung— Bapak pendiri Perancis dan Jerman, bahkan kadang disebut Bapak pendiri Eropa. Ia adalah kaisar pertama di Barat sejak runtuhnya Kekaisaran Romawi.— memberikan piagam untuk orang Andorra sebagai pengganti perang mereka melawan bangsa Moor. Jabatan maharaja di daerah itu diwariskan kepada pangeran Urgell dan akhirnya kepada uskup dari keuskupan Urgell. Pada abad ke-11, terjadi pertentangan antara uskup dan tetangganya di utara Perancis atas Andorra.
Pada 1278, konflik itu diselesaikan dengan penandatanganan parage, yang menegaskan bahwa kedaulatan Andorra dipegang antara pangeran Foix dari Perancis (yang akhirnya jabatannya diserahterimakan kepada kepala negara Prancis) dan uskup La Seu d’Urgell, di Katalonia, Spanyol. Ini memberikan kepangeranan kecil itu wilayahnya beserta bentuk politisnya.
Selama bertahun-tahun jabatan itu diwariskan kepada raja Navarre. Setalah Henrike dari Navarra menjadi Raja Henri IV dari Perancis, ia mengeluarkan dekrit (1607) yang memberikan kepala negara Prancis dan Uskup Urgell jabatan perangkap-pangeran Andorra. Antara 1812–13, Kekaisaran Perancis menganeksasi Katalonia Spanyol dan membaginya menjadi 4 departemen. Andorra juga dianeksasi dan dijadikan bagian distrik Puigcerdà (departement Segre). Pada 1933 Perancis menuduki Andorra sebagai akibat dari kerusuhan sosial sebelum pemilihan. Pada 12 Juli 1934, seorang penjelajah bernama Boris Skossyreff mengeluarkan proklamasi di Urgel, menyatakan dirinya sebagai Boris I, pangeran berdaulat dari Andorra, secara serentak menyatakan perang kepada uskup Urgel.Ia ditangkap oleh pemerintah Spanyol pada 20 Juli dan akhirnya diusir dari Spanyol. Dari 1936 sampai 1940, sebuah detasemen Perancis ditempatkan di Andorra untuk mencegah pengaruh Perang Saudara Spanyol dan Francisco Franco Bahamonde. Namun, pasukan Francisco Franco mencapai perbatasan Andorra di akhir perang. Selama PD II, Andorra tetap netral dan merupakan rute penyelundupan penting antara Vichy Perancis dan Spanyol.
Saya kira cukup untuk pengantar kondisi geografis dan sekilas sejarah Andorra.
Lalu, apa yang unik dengan Andorra ?
Kenapa kehidupan masyarakat Andorra, menarik, bahkan BBC pernah membuat reportase tentang kehidupan masyarakatnya yang mempunyai tingkat harapan hidup yang rata-rata tinggi di dunia.
Sebelum sampai pada uraian tentang bagaimana antara negara dan pada umumnya masyarakat untuk memandang kesejahteraan, perlu disimak beberapa contoh negara lain. Dibalik kemajuan sebuah bangsa yang selalu diukur oleh ukuran yang serba materiil, terutama negara-negara Eropa, Andorra merupakan sebuah negara kecil yang terletak antara Perancis dan Spanyol, sebelah timur pegunungan Pyrenees. Negara ini rara-rata tingkat harapan hidup (life expectancy) penduduknya 83.5 tahun dan beberapa dari mereka hidup hingga 90 tahun. Negara ini sudah tujuh abad tidak pernah konflik dengan negara luar dan oleh karenanya tidak memiliki tentara. Penduduknya gemar berolah raga, memelihara udara bersih, makan sedikit daging atau daging yang tak berlemak, banyak makan sayuran, mengkonsumsi minyak zaitun dan memelihara kesehatan yang baik. Barang kali salah satu rahasia hidup adalah tingkat strees yang rendah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 30% ada faktor genetis yang menyebabkan hidup panjang, namun 70% diperkirakan dari gaya hidup (lifestyle) mereka. Negara yang dilihat terisolasi dari negara Eropa itu penduduknya sangat damai. Setelah dewasa orang hidup harus berpasangan dan harus menjaganya, memiliki kewajiban membantu satu dengan lainnya, memiliki hak yang sama untuk menjamin ketahanan sosial (Henley, 2008, BBC News) .
Ini tidak hanya terjadi di satu negara melainkan juga terjadi dalam beberapa masyarakat dibeberapa negara. Di Sardinia Itali, di Okinawa Jepang dan di Loma Linda California AS, adalah contoh dimana terdapat penduduk yang rata-rata hidupnya berumur panjang di atas 80 tahun. Dari beberapa wilayah yang terpisah ini umumnya terdapat kebiasaan yang serupa, meskipun ada perbedaan latar belakang dan keyakinannya. Rata-rata rahasia hidup berumur panjang itu karena gaya hidup mereka. Pada umumnya mereka hidup dengan gaya tradisional, mengutamakan keluarga, ramah dengan orang lain, menghargai antar sesama atau mencintai sesama dan mengutamakan pergaulan dalam kehidupan, selain itu juga tidak pernah menggerutu. Pada umumnya mereka gemar berolahraga dan berkegiatan. Merawat dan memelihara orang tua dalam satu keluarga dan bukan mengirimkannya ke rumah jompo. Mereka pada umumnya gemar makan sayuran dan buah-buahan dan tidak merokok, bahkan orang Lomba Linda di Kalifornia hidup dengan tidak menyantap daging sapi, kambing dan babi yang dianggap tidak suci menurut Agama Advent Hari Ketujuh. Orang Okinawa, agama menjadi bagian penting meskipun agama yang dianutnya berbeda dengan orang Lomba Linda, yakni berkeyakinan Khong Hu Cu (National Geographic Indonesia : 2005).
Tingginya harapan hidup merupakan salah satu indikasi kesejahteraan. Apa yang dapat dipetik dari pelajaran mengenai masyarakat dibeberapa negara ini? Sejahtera bukanlah satu satunya diukur atas capaian materiil. Kalau dilihat dari apa yang telah dicapai oleh penelitian tentang beberapa masyarakat tersebut di atas, sejahtera juga dipahami secara sosial, psikologis, higienis, dan terpeliharanya kebugaran tubuh (George, 1995:1). Dari segi sosial, mereka ramah dengan orang lain, mengutamakan keluarga dan menghindari konflik. Meskipun tidak tampak dari cerita di atas, kemungkinan keadilan distributif (justice distribution) menjadi komponen yang dipertimbangkan juga. Secara psikologis, mereka diikat oleh keyakinan dan tidak menggerutu. Secara higienis, makanan yang dikonsumsi tidak mengandung unsur lemak tinggi, secara fisik, mereka pada umumnya tidak pernah berhenti berkegiatan dan berolah raga.
Orang-orang ini hidup dalam masyarakat, yang tidak terpengaruh oleh kehidupan modern. Kalau disimak, mereka pada umumnya memiliki cara perumusan sejahtera yang amat berbeda dengan ukuran sejahteranya konstruksi modernitas dimana kesejahteraan itu lebih banyak dilihat dari pemenuhan kebutuhan materiil yang dikonstruksikan oleh pasar.
Barangkali rasa sejahtera seperti ini, dilihat dari pandangan masyarakat modern, merupakan cara hidup tradisional sebab banyak hal yang sulit diukur secara kuantitatif sebagaimana pencapaian kesejahteraan secara individual dengan ukuran materiil. Bagaimana ketenteraman, pemahaman keyakinan hidup, keramahan dan sikap tidak menggerutu dalam kehidupan adalah menjadi bagian perasaan yang terdalam dalam hidup sejahtera. Indikator seperti ini kemungkinan besar terdapat juga dalam masyarakat Indonesia meskipun kehidupan seperti ini adalah bagian yang tersisa dari kehidupan masa lalu. Cara hidup seperti ini sangat lazim dalam masyarakat tradisional di desa, dimana tidak ditandai oleh gaya hidup kelimpahan materiil dan sangat sederhana. Komunitas memegang peranan penting bahwa kesejahteraan seseorang sangat ditentukan oleh bagaimana komunitas mengelola institusi kesejahteraan yang menjamin para anggotanya. Pada masa lalu desa-desa di Jawa memiliki lumbung padi. Lumbung ini menjadi cadangan pangan bagi penduduk desa tatkala paceklik terjadi. Lumbung padi yang dihimpun dari pengumpulan padi setiap penduduk esensinya adalah ketahanan komunitas, yakni kedaulatan pangan (food sovereignity) sekaligus adalah ketahanan pangan (food security) bagi penduduk desa. Tentu dalam kehidupan bersama, desa selalu memiliki institusi resolusi konflik. Harmoni menjadi bagian yang didambakan untuk memahami kesejahteraan. Saling menjamin antartetangga jika terjadi kesulitan. Konsep Patron-Klien (pattern client relationships) dalam konseptualisasi pikiran materiil dan individualis adalah sebuah bentuk eksploitasi dari patron ke klien, namun institusi seperti ini adalah hubungan yang saling menjamin antara pemilik tanah luas dan tak bertanah (landless). James C. Scott (1976:41) mengatakan bahwa keduanya saling memiliki kewajiban moral (moral obligations ) , seperti orang yang numpang tinggal ditanahnya orang kaya “ngindung” memiliki kewajiban moral terhadap yang ditumpangi, demikian sebaliknya.
Di tengah masyarakat Indonesia yang sedang berubah dimana kesejahteraan ditentukan atas ukuran individual yang ditandai oleh peningkatan pendapatan dan pemilikan, institusi kesejahteraan yang berbasis komunitas (community welfare) dalam beberapa hal masih tampak di pedesaan maupun kampung pinggiran kota. Kerangka ini tidak dapat ditangkap oleh kerangka organisasi formal pelayanan kesejahteraan sosial (Narayan, 2007:141). Institusi itu antara lain adalah kematian, sakit, hajatan dan berbagai bentuk kegiatan untuk kepentingan bersama yang dipikul secara bersama-sama. Perilaku sosial seperti ini juga diamanatkan oleh agama sebagai kepedulian terhadap kemanusiaan (Barusch, 2005:131) Misalnya kematian, sekarang ini orang mati pun harus membayar ketika hendak dikuburkan. Biaya yang dikeluarkan oleh sanak keluarga mulai dari bedah bumi sampai dengan menjamu para pelayat tidak bisa lepas dari biaya ekonomi dari para keluarga. Namun orang yang meninggal tatkala mereka masih hidup telah mengasuransikan hidupnya kepada komunitas dengan cara ikut menyumbang ketika ada tetangganya yang meninggal. Ini lah yang disebut dengan community insurance (Banerjee , 2006:369).
Dalam struktur masyarakat modern yang berbasis kepada kepentingan individu, kegiatan seperti ini ditangkap sebagai kegiatan pemborosan. Orang ketika dilihat dari ukuran materiil adalah miskin namun dalam kehidupan sosialnya masih membagi-bagikan apa yang dimiliki untuk menjamin keberlangsungan komunitas (shared poverty). Konsep membagi kemiskinan dikemukakan oleh salah satu Indonesianis, yakni Clifford Geertz yang menyoroti tentang perkembangan masyarakat Indonesia saat memasuki modernisasi dimana perubahan itu ditunjukkan ada perkembangan namun perkembangan itu tidak menunjukkan peningkatan (involution). Tentu, kerangka konseptualnya untuk menyebutkan shared poverty terhadap perkembangan masyarakat Indonesia karena ia melihatnya dari cara pandang capitalist mode of production .
Keluarga besar yang diikat oleh komunitas masih berlangsung ditengah perkembangan masyarakat yang sudah mulai individualis atas konstruksi kapitalisme. Keluarga besar, dalam pengertian ikatan komunitas ini, merupakan institusi yang membawa masyarakat itu tetap exist, meskipun banyak pihak dalam institusi kesejahteraan modern menganggapnya komunitas itu miskin. Salah satu contoh masyarakat Gunung Kidul, ketika mereka menengok sanak keluarganya atau tetangganya yang sedang menderita sakit dan harus dirawat di rumah sakit, mereka tidak membawa roti, buah buahan atau sejenis makanan lain seperti layaknya orang kota sebagai kepedulian untuk ikut sependeritaan. Mereka satu persatu menyisihkan uangnya untuk diberikan kepada sisakit atau keluarganya. Ini adalah sebuah rasionalitas dimana penderitaan dipikul secara bersama-sama oleh anggota komunitas. Kiranya banyak hal yang ditegakkan oleh komunitas ini sebagai sebuah institusi kesejahteraan.
Bagi anak-anak desa atau kampung biaya pendidikan seringkali juga dibantu oleh keluarga yang mampu. Pada pedagang kecil, kemajuan usaha kalau diukur dari pertambahan akumulasi keuntungan materiil yang diperoleh, barang kali ini tidak akan tampak, sejak dulu berjualan untuk mempertahankan kehidupan hanya itu itu saja, akan tetapi kemampuan mereka untuk menyekolahkan anak, membiayai kesehatan, ketika sakit, adalah bentuk akumulasi kapital sosial (sosial capital) dan bukan diwujudkan sebagai kapital materiil. Kiranya tidak hanya terjadi di Okinawa, Sardina dan Loma Linda bahwa tingkat harapan hidup masyarakat itu tinggi, melainkan juga sebagian orang-orang desa di Indonesia yang hidupnya panjang karena kesederhanaan gaya hidup masih banyak jumlahnya. Ini perlu kajian sampai seberapa jauh kesederhanaan mereka memberikan kontribusi terhadap life expectancy.
Mereka adalah orang orang yang hidupnya tidak terlalu terpengaruh oleh
keinginan yang disuguhkan oleh pasar. Sekarang ini, pekerjaan di sektor pertanian diisi oleh para petani yang usianya lanjut. Meskipun demikian, mereka masih mencangkul, merokok walau pun usianya sudah 80 tahun. Sebuah realitas yang perlu diperhatikan, institusi kesejahteraan yang dijamin oleh komunitas itu menyediakan indikator sosial seperti ketenteraman, asuransi sosial, ketahanan sosial dalam keluarga dan komunitas.
Perubahan gaya hidup materiil dan lebih individualis dialami oleh ibu-ibu muda yang memutuskan untuk bekerja sebagai Tenaga Kerja Wanita (TKW). Meskipun rentan perlindungan ketenagakerjaan, ini tidak menyurutkan tekadnya menjadi TKW keluar negeri. Tentu hasil ekonomi yang diperoleh jauh lebih baik dibandingkan dengan bekerja di Indonesia. Kiranya tidak sedikit bagi para ibu yang telah mampu membangun rumahnya. Kepergian kerja dalam waktu lama juga ada biaya sosial yang harus dibayar (social opportunity cost), yakni keretakan berumah tangga, perceraian, perselingkuhan ketika para suami ditinggal istri, anak-anak mereka frustrasi dan terjerumus narkoba. Apakah ini sebuah indikasi hidup sejahtera? Kebutuhan materi sudah tentu tidak bisa diabaikan, akan tetapi well being bukan satu satunya ukuran materiil, kebutuhan sosial, kebutuhan psikologis, kebutuhan kebugaran fisik menjadi bagian yang terdapat di dalamnya.
Pada umumnya kondisi kehidupan seperti ini dalam masyarakat Indonesia justru menjamin asuransi sosial yang seharusnya dipikul oleh negara. Dapat dibayangkan, seandainya kondisi seperti ini tidak ada, ditengah krisis ekonomi yang berakibat pada rasionalisasi ketenagakerjaan diperusahaan besar, radikalisasi sosial akan mengakibatkan stabilitas sosial politik akan goncang ketika negara tidak mampu mengatasi pemutusan hubungan kerja. Keuntungan terbesar dari kondisi kehidupan masyarakat tradisional yang tersisa masih mampu menjamin sanak keluarga untuk hidup bersama ketika ada pemutusan hubungan kerja. Mereka pulang ke desa masih disapa dan diterima untuk sementara waktu sebelum mendapat pekerjaan baru. Tentu ini akan sulit di negara maju karen harus melakukan intervensi besar-besaran untuk biaya sosial disaat terjadi krisis.
Semoga Bermanfaat, Keep share and enjoy,
Sumber gambar: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/alevelstudies/1965-cartoon.
Sebagian besar tulisan ini disadur dari Working paper " : Prof.Dr. Susetiawan: Studi Pembangunan Sosial dan Kesejahteraan, Pembangunan dan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat: Sebuah Ketidakberdayaan Para Pihak. FISIP UGM.
11/05/2012
ESSENTIAL IDIOM FOR TOEFL TEST [7]
ESSENTIAL IDIOM FOR TOEFL TEST [7]. Idiom atau ungkapan adalah gabungan kata yang membentuk arti baru yang artinya tidak mudah dipahami hanya dengan memahami kata yang membentuknya. Postingan Idiom I 'Three in One" dan audionya dapat direview "here" dan Pelajaran Idiom ke-2 "here". Idiom ke-3 dapat disimak "here". Idiom sesi ke-4 dapat direview "here' . Postingan Essential IDIOM ke-5, Idiom ke-6 .
Makna idiomatikal adalah makna sebuah satuan bahasa (entah kata, frase atau kalimat) yang “menyimpang” dari makna leksikal atau makna gramatikal unsur-unsur pembentuknya. Untuk mengetahui makna idiom sebuah kata (frase atau kalimat) tidak ada jalan selain mencarinya dalam kamus. Berikut adalah beberapa contoh idiom yang biasa di gunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari ataupun dalam tes Toefl. Idiom essential ke-7 Sebagai berikut:
LESSON 161. on one's toes: alert, cautious
This idiom is usually used with the verbs stay and keep.
o It's important for all the players on a soccer team to stay on their toes.
o We'd better keep on our toes while we're walking along the dark portions of this street.
2. to get along: to make progress; to manage to live in a certain state of health
o Juan is getting along very well in his English studies.
o How is Mr. Richards getting along after his long illness?
3. hard of hearing: partially deaf, not able to hear well
o You'll have to speak a little louder. Mrs. Evans is hard of hearing.
o Please don't shout. I'm not hard of hearing.
o Listening to loud music too much can make you hard of hearing.
4. to see eye to eye: to agree, to concur
o I'm glad that we see eye to eye on the matter of the conference location.
o A husband and wife don't always see eye to eye with each other, but a good marriage can survive small disagreements.
5. to have in mind: to be considering, to be thinking (S)
o I don't want to see a movie now. I have in mind going to the park.
o It's up to you what we eat tonight. Do you have anything in mind?
6. to keep in mind: to remember, not to forget (S) (also: to bear in mind)
o Please keep in mind that you promised to call Stan around noon.
o I didn't know that Paula doesn't like vegetables. We should bear that in mind next time we invite her for dinner.
7. for once: this one time, for only one time
o For once I was able to win a game of golf against Steve, who is a much better player than I am.
o Dad, for once would you please let me drive the new car?
8. to go off: to explode; to sound as an alarm; to leave suddenly without explanation
o The accident happened when a box of firecrackers went off accidentally.
o For what time did you set the alarm clock to go off tomorrow morning?
o Vince went off without saying good-bye to anybody; I hope he wasn't angry.
9. to grow out of: to outgrow, to become too old for; to be a result of
o He still bites his nails now and then, but soon he'll grow out of the habit.
o The need for the salary committee grew out of worker dissatisfaction with the pay scale.
10. to make the best of: to do the best that one can in a poor situation
o If we can't find a larger apartment soon, we'll just have to make the best of it right here.
o Even though the Martinez family is having financial problems, they make the best of everything by enjoying the simple pleasures of life.
11. to cut off: to shorten by cutting the ends (S); to disconnect or stop suddenly (S)
o The rope was two feet longer than we needed, so we cut off the extra length.
o The operator cut our long-distance phone conversation off after two minutes.
12. to cut out: to remove by cutting (S); to stop doing something (S) (for the second definition, also: to knock it off)
For the second definition, the idiom is usually separated by the pronoun it.
o The child likes to cut out pictures form the newspaper and to paste them in a notebook.
o He kept bothering her, so finally she told him to cut it out. However, he wouldn't knock it off until her larger brother appeared.
LESSON 171. to blow out: to explode, to go flat (for tires); to extinguish by blowing (S)
o On our trip to Colorado, one of the car tires blew out when it hit a large hole in the road.
o Little Joey wasn't able to blow all the candles out, so his big sister helped him.
2. to become of: to happen to (a missing object or person)
This idiom is always used in a clause beginning with what.
o What has become of my pencil? I had it ten minutes ago, but now I can't find it.
o I wondered what became of you. I looked around the shopping center for two hours, but I couldn't find you at all.
3. to shut up: to close for a period of time (S); to be quiet, to stop talking
The second definition of this idiom is impolite in formal situations.
o During the hurricane, all the store owners shut their shops up.
o Bob's sister told him to shut up and not say anything more about it.
o The student got into big trouble for telling his teacher to shut up.
4. have got: to have, to possess
o Curtis has got a bad cold. He's sneezing and coughing a lot.
o How much money have you got with you right now?
5. have got to: must (also: have to)
o She has got to go to Chicago today to sign the contract papers.
o I have to be back home by two o'clock or my wife will feel ill at ease.
6. to keep up with: to maintain the same speed or rate as
o Frieda works so fast that no one in the office can keep up with her.
o You'll have to walk more slowly. I can't keep up with you.
7. on the other hand: however, in contrast
o Democracies provide people many freedoms and privileges. On the other hand, democracies suffer many serious problems such as crime and unemployment.
o My sister takes after my father in appearance. On the other hand, I take after my mother.
8. to turn down: to reduce in brightness or volume (S); to reject, to refuse (S)
o Please turn down the radio for me. It's too loud while I'm studying.
o Laverne wanted to join the military but the recruiting officer turned her application down because Laverne is hard of hearing in one ear.
9. fifty-fifty: divided into two equal parts
o Let's go fifty-fifty on the cost of a new rug for our apartment.
o The political candidate has a fifty-fifty chance of winning the election.
10. to break in: gradually to prepare something for use that is new and stiff (S);
to interrupt (for the second definition, also: to cut in)
o It is best to break a new car in by driving it slowly for the first few hundred miles.
o While Carrie and I were talking, Bill broke in to tell me about a telephone call.
o Peter, it's very impolite to cut in like that while others are speaking.
11. a lost cause: a hopeless case, a person or situation having no hope of positive change.
o It seems that Charles will never listen to our advice. I suppose it's a lost cause.
o The police searched for the missing girl for two weeks, but finally gave it up as a lost cause.
o Children who have committed several crimes as teenagers and show no sorrow about their actions are generally lost causes.
12. above all: mainly, especially
o Above all, don't mention the matter to Gerard; he's the last person we should tell.
o Sheila does well in all her school subjects, but above all in mathematics. Her math scores are always over 95 percent.
@alamyin, Semoga bermanfaat, Keep Share !
Makna idiomatikal adalah makna sebuah satuan bahasa (entah kata, frase atau kalimat) yang “menyimpang” dari makna leksikal atau makna gramatikal unsur-unsur pembentuknya. Untuk mengetahui makna idiom sebuah kata (frase atau kalimat) tidak ada jalan selain mencarinya dalam kamus. Berikut adalah beberapa contoh idiom yang biasa di gunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari ataupun dalam tes Toefl. Idiom essential ke-7 Sebagai berikut:
LESSON 161. on one's toes: alert, cautious
This idiom is usually used with the verbs stay and keep.
o It's important for all the players on a soccer team to stay on their toes.
o We'd better keep on our toes while we're walking along the dark portions of this street.
2. to get along: to make progress; to manage to live in a certain state of health
o Juan is getting along very well in his English studies.
o How is Mr. Richards getting along after his long illness?
3. hard of hearing: partially deaf, not able to hear well
o You'll have to speak a little louder. Mrs. Evans is hard of hearing.
o Please don't shout. I'm not hard of hearing.
o Listening to loud music too much can make you hard of hearing.
4. to see eye to eye: to agree, to concur
o I'm glad that we see eye to eye on the matter of the conference location.
o A husband and wife don't always see eye to eye with each other, but a good marriage can survive small disagreements.
5. to have in mind: to be considering, to be thinking (S)
o I don't want to see a movie now. I have in mind going to the park.
o It's up to you what we eat tonight. Do you have anything in mind?
6. to keep in mind: to remember, not to forget (S) (also: to bear in mind)
o Please keep in mind that you promised to call Stan around noon.
o I didn't know that Paula doesn't like vegetables. We should bear that in mind next time we invite her for dinner.
7. for once: this one time, for only one time
o For once I was able to win a game of golf against Steve, who is a much better player than I am.
o Dad, for once would you please let me drive the new car?
8. to go off: to explode; to sound as an alarm; to leave suddenly without explanation
o The accident happened when a box of firecrackers went off accidentally.
o For what time did you set the alarm clock to go off tomorrow morning?
o Vince went off without saying good-bye to anybody; I hope he wasn't angry.
9. to grow out of: to outgrow, to become too old for; to be a result of
o He still bites his nails now and then, but soon he'll grow out of the habit.
o The need for the salary committee grew out of worker dissatisfaction with the pay scale.
10. to make the best of: to do the best that one can in a poor situation
o If we can't find a larger apartment soon, we'll just have to make the best of it right here.
o Even though the Martinez family is having financial problems, they make the best of everything by enjoying the simple pleasures of life.
11. to cut off: to shorten by cutting the ends (S); to disconnect or stop suddenly (S)
o The rope was two feet longer than we needed, so we cut off the extra length.
o The operator cut our long-distance phone conversation off after two minutes.
12. to cut out: to remove by cutting (S); to stop doing something (S) (for the second definition, also: to knock it off)
For the second definition, the idiom is usually separated by the pronoun it.
o The child likes to cut out pictures form the newspaper and to paste them in a notebook.
o He kept bothering her, so finally she told him to cut it out. However, he wouldn't knock it off until her larger brother appeared.
LESSON 171. to blow out: to explode, to go flat (for tires); to extinguish by blowing (S)
o On our trip to Colorado, one of the car tires blew out when it hit a large hole in the road.
o Little Joey wasn't able to blow all the candles out, so his big sister helped him.
2. to become of: to happen to (a missing object or person)
This idiom is always used in a clause beginning with what.
o What has become of my pencil? I had it ten minutes ago, but now I can't find it.
o I wondered what became of you. I looked around the shopping center for two hours, but I couldn't find you at all.
3. to shut up: to close for a period of time (S); to be quiet, to stop talking
The second definition of this idiom is impolite in formal situations.
o During the hurricane, all the store owners shut their shops up.
o Bob's sister told him to shut up and not say anything more about it.
o The student got into big trouble for telling his teacher to shut up.
4. have got: to have, to possess
o Curtis has got a bad cold. He's sneezing and coughing a lot.
o How much money have you got with you right now?
5. have got to: must (also: have to)
o She has got to go to Chicago today to sign the contract papers.
o I have to be back home by two o'clock or my wife will feel ill at ease.
6. to keep up with: to maintain the same speed or rate as
o Frieda works so fast that no one in the office can keep up with her.
o You'll have to walk more slowly. I can't keep up with you.
7. on the other hand: however, in contrast
o Democracies provide people many freedoms and privileges. On the other hand, democracies suffer many serious problems such as crime and unemployment.
o My sister takes after my father in appearance. On the other hand, I take after my mother.
8. to turn down: to reduce in brightness or volume (S); to reject, to refuse (S)
o Please turn down the radio for me. It's too loud while I'm studying.
o Laverne wanted to join the military but the recruiting officer turned her application down because Laverne is hard of hearing in one ear.
9. fifty-fifty: divided into two equal parts
o Let's go fifty-fifty on the cost of a new rug for our apartment.
o The political candidate has a fifty-fifty chance of winning the election.
10. to break in: gradually to prepare something for use that is new and stiff (S);
to interrupt (for the second definition, also: to cut in)
o It is best to break a new car in by driving it slowly for the first few hundred miles.
o While Carrie and I were talking, Bill broke in to tell me about a telephone call.
o Peter, it's very impolite to cut in like that while others are speaking.
11. a lost cause: a hopeless case, a person or situation having no hope of positive change.
o It seems that Charles will never listen to our advice. I suppose it's a lost cause.
o The police searched for the missing girl for two weeks, but finally gave it up as a lost cause.
o Children who have committed several crimes as teenagers and show no sorrow about their actions are generally lost causes.
12. above all: mainly, especially
o Above all, don't mention the matter to Gerard; he's the last person we should tell.
o Sheila does well in all her school subjects, but above all in mathematics. Her math scores are always over 95 percent.
@alamyin, Semoga bermanfaat, Keep Share !
